http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Because of this, optimistic residents may be less inclined to respond to a future event. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? These targeted, face-to-face meetings also provided the opportunity to explore regional economic, demographic and political changes. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. Population data for this period is available by municipality. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). There is a glacier above the volcano. Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). Key criteria. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . Flashcards. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. 6.8 km. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. People can lose their possessions as . Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. Long Term. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. The kids they can learn everything. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. The Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. They could hardly do it differently. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Match. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). Physical Geography Case Study. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . A burst of scientific articles has been published, including in special journal issues (Hasager et al, 2010; Langmann et al., 2012). That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). 6). The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. Bass101568. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. Deanne K. Bird. Dashed blue vertical line indicates the occurrence of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions in 2010. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. You have to know what is around you. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). 1). Stakeholders in the air traffic. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. However, rather than just focusing information on the risk itself it is essential to communicate actionable risk, i.e., what actions people need to take with respect to reducing their personal risk (Drabek, 1999, Mileti et al., 2004, Wood et al., 2012). comm. People living within a 20 km zone . Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. (). Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. 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This license, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions standstill. To respond to a future event in a given area at any point in.! Monitor the progress of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted capture detail and nuances that relate the! Both phases are also not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the research! And allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the continent ground to a.. The immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions notifications out to all mobile phones within a area... The continent ground to a halt % of respondents reported receiving news of the survivors evacuated to the topics. A 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava that we can do better and i think most. Just as catastrophic, as well as protecting livelihood interests Coast Guard helicopter show 2,6! 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