Marching along the road, we destroyed two tall observation towers. The War Crimes Bureau had five major sources of information: (1) captured enemy papers, especially orders, reports of operations, and propaganda leaflets; (2) intercepted radio and wireless messages; (3) testimony of Soviet prisoners of war; (4) testimony of captured Germans who had escaped; and (5) testimony of Germans who saw the corpses or mutilated bodies of executed prisoners of war. It had been one of the strongest pro-German holdouts in the war that formed an independent Latvia after WWI. What do we know of his biography that might have led him to appear so detached? . Soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rape and other crimes against the Poles, causing the population to fear and hate the regime. 27.05.2011, 12.49 Uhr. Sometimes helpful, sometimes self-indulgent, often stimulating, frequently ranting, Ive put them on the list of things Ill browse for intellectual pleasure in odd moments in the day, say the ten minutes I have between lunch and my one-fifteen class. They dealt a healthy blow to the fascists. The norms of warfare in the pre-war period served to judge the escalating violence of the war but also to blame the enemy for the worst transgressions, which occurred in various contexts, war on land, invasions and occupations, the home front, war at sea and war in the air. Prior the deportation, the Peoples Commissariat established operational groups who performed arrests, search and seizure of the property. After World War II its territory was divided between the Soviet Union and Poland. In the Russian Empire the Jewish and German minorities in particular were suspected of 'unreliability'. From 1824-1878, East Prussia was combined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia, after which they were re-established as separate provinces. As I said, one gets much more of this emotion from letters, and certainly from memoirs as well. A particularly infamous example took place after the Crimean city of Feodosia was briefly recaptured by Soviet forces on December 29, 1942. [155] Indeed, the incidence of rape committed in the Far East was far less than the number of incidents committed by Soviet soldiers in Europe. Most Red Army atrocities took place only in what was regarded as hostile territory (see Przyszowice massacre). One example was the Fntna Alb massacre, in which 443,000 Romanians were killed by the Soviet Border Troops and the NKVD while attempting to escape to Romania. [187], In 2003, August Kolk (born 1924), an Estonian national, and Petr Kislyiy (born 1921), a Russian national, were convicted of crimes against humanity by Estonian courts and each sentenced to eight years in prison. [156], The Soviet Army committed crimes against the Japanese civilian populations and surrendered military personnel in the closing stages of World War II during the assaults on Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. The original question on this thread was a quest for knowledge about the behavior of Russian troops in East Prussia in 1914, and whether or not they had committed atrocities against the civilian population. [] history buffs might start with diary entries from the first days of the war in East Prussia in 1914, found and translated by Josh []. Following WWI, East Prussia became an enclave cut off from the rest of Germany as the land between West and East Prussia was ceded to Poland. Soviet political repressions in Estonia were met by an armed resistance by the Forest Brothers, composed of former conscripts into the German military, Omakaitse militia and volunteers in the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 who fought a guerrilla war, which was not completely suppressed until the late 1950s. Today, the Russian government engages in historical negationism. Many Russian soldiers, though amazed at the richness of Germany compared to their own country, senselessly destroyed captured cities. German historian Thomas Urban[53] writes that the Soviet policy towards the people who fell under their control in occupied areas was harsh, showing strong elements of ethnic cleansing. In September 1939, the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied it in accordance with the secret protocols of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact. WalterS -- If you're going to say something like: I can assure you, Mr. Mills, that when you. The group of 17 Holocaust museums from the U.S., U.K., Canada and South Africa are supporting an international investigation into whether Russia committed war crimes and genocide in Ukraine. A total of 1,204 cases of looting with assault were also documented. Reports of Soviet atrocities in the Nemmersdorf massacre of October 1944 and organized rape spread fear and desperation among the civilians. Djilas, of whom I could least have expected such a thing, a man whom I received so well! A school boy named Tullio Lindsaar had all of the bones in his hands broken then was bayoneted for hoisting the flag of Estonia. Civilians were killed by conventional bombs during the invasion. [3], In the 1990s and 2000s, some war crimes trials held in the Baltic states led to prosecution of Russian nationals for crimes against humanity committed during or shortly after World War II, including killings or deportations of civilians. Libra. "Unheard-of Brutality": Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson; Alexander Watson. A German military judge who was at the scene stated in an interview during the 1970s that he saw a female body with her legs spread-eagled and a broomstick rammed into her genitals. http://russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/, http://www.ggsmn.org/Regional%20Pages/East%20Prussia.htm. She went to Lithuania in 1946 with her sister and brother. In the early 1970s I worked at a hotel in Washington, D.C. with an elderly East Prussian, who, if memory serves, was from the Tilsit area. Kurland had a mixed population of Latvians and Germans. Convict soldiers were then used to replace them; it was testified that they "stole everything in sight, broke up bathtubs and toilets with hammers, pulled electric-light wiring out of the plaster, built fires on the floor and either burned down the house or at least a big hole in the floor, and in general behaved completely like savages. [72] Post [115], Western estimates of the traceable number of rape victims range from two hundred thousand to two million. "[111][pagesneeded][112][pagesneeded], Accordingly, all evidence such as reports, photos and other documents of looting, rape, the burning down of farms and villages by the Red Army was deleted from all archives in the future GDR. David M. '70 and Linda Roth Professor of History [86], Deportations, summary executions of political prisoners and the burning of foodstocks and villages took place when the Red Army retreated before the advancing Axis forces in 1941. 518-519). Snyder, Timothy. [31] As a result of the Soviet occupation, Estonia permanently lost at least 200,000 people or 20% of its population to repression, exodus and war.[32]. A significant percentage of this death toll, however, occurred when evacuation columns encountered units of the Red Army. . Martynas Jankus and the deportation of East Prussian civilians to Russia during World War I, . Civilians were run over by tanks, shot, or otherwise murdered. To the contrary, I think many shifts occur very quickly and at the very outset of the war. The Rape of Berlin: Red Army atrocities in 1945 "Red Army soldiers don't believe in 'individual liaisons' with German women," wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his diary whilst serving as an officer of marine infantry in East Prussia."Nine, ten, twelve men at a time - they rape them on a collective basis." Russia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The European Parliament described the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, where around a quarter people perished, an act of genocide in 2004:[98], Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948. In panic and desperation, 50,000 to 60,000 left on foot, mostly women and children, in bitter winter weather. Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939), Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Soviet partisan units conducted raids deep inside Finnish territory, NKVD and attached units of the Red Army massacred prisoners, Flight and evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II, Flight and expulsion of Germans (194450), Rape during the occupation of Germany Soviet Military, evacuation of civilians before the advancing Red Army, forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Kulchabat, Bala Karz and Mushkizi massacre, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, crackdown against Lithuanian civilians in January 1991, Crimes against humanity under communist regimes, Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, List of Soviet Union perpetrated war crimes, War crimes and atrocities of the Waffen-SS, "How Putin Manipulates Russians Using Revisionist History", "For Russians, Stalin is the 'most outstanding' figure in world history, followed by Putin", Controversial Reports on the Situation of the Jews in Poland in the Aftermath of World War, "CommunistCrimes.org Historical Introduction", "Soviet mass violence in Estonia revisited", Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Deportation from Estonia in 1941 and 1949, 70th anniversary of deportation and uprising of 1941, The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940-1941, "Deportation of 14 June 1941: crime against humanity: materials of an International Conference 12-13 June. The war crimes and crimes against humanity which were perpetrated by the Soviet Union and its armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army) as well as acts which were committed by the NKVD, including acts which were committed by the NKVD's Internal Troops. On Page 234 of his . 29 July 1914. East Prussia (German Ostpreuen, stpsn Latin Borussia orientalis Russian ) was a province of Prussia from 17731829 and from 18781945. ", During the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact, 72 Czechs and Slovaks were killed (19 in Slovakia), 266 seriously wounded and another 436 lightly wounded. Aleksandr Subbotin was a cavalryman from the village of Kolkovo in Tver province who served in Rennenkampfs First Army at the start of World War I. How German Women Suffered Largest Mass Rape in History by . 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps). And upon their arrival they were sent for punishment to Lieutenant Rekunov. [58] Only a small number of these deportees returned to their homes after the war, when their homelands were annexed by the Soviet Union. On the way, they ran into the commander of the division, General Gurko, and his adjutant Lieutenant Argnold, who ordered them to be given five lashes for overworking their horses. as tsarist troops poured across east prussia's eastern and southern borders, penetrating deep into its interior, frightening reports of civilians tortured and murdered, officials arrested, and. At the time and long afterwards, German sources insisted that East Prussia had been despoiled and its inhabitants violated by the invading Russian troops in the time period between the Russian invasion and the German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes that drove the Russians back on their side of the border. Message 3 - Russsian Atrocities in Berlin Posted on: 05 March 2005 by Trooper Tom Canning - WW2 Site Helper. Konev's response was to claim it was done mainly by Red Army deserters. It is estimated that Lithuania lost almost 780,000 citizens as a result of the Soviet occupation, of these around 440,000 were war refugees. The Russians regarded East Prussia as the seat of German militarism. "Der Umgang mit den Denkmlern." Precisely therefore these kinds of Poles were judged capable of resisting the Soviets, in the same way that they had resisted the Nazis. [77][78][79] The partisans usually executed their military and civilian prisoners after a minor interrogation. [192], Media related to War crimes committed by the Soviet Union at Wikimedia Commons, Violations of the law of war committed by the Soviet Union. [44], Another example of the destruction battalions' actions is the Kautla massacre, where twenty civilians were murdered and tens of farms destroyed. Here is what British historian John Keegan has to say on the subject of the behavior of Russian troops in Eastern Prussia in 1914: "Tannenburg, as a result, became for the Germans their outstanding victory of the conflict. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 07:01, Post Ungvry writes that when the Soviets finally claimed victory, they initiated an orgy of violence, including the wholesale theft of anything they could lay their hands on, random executions and mass rape. [127], The Soviet Union also committed war crimes in Romania or against Romanians from the beginning of the occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940 all the way to the German invasion in 1941, and later from the expulsion of the Germans in the region until 1958. [citation needed], According to the United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary (1957): "Soviet tanks fired indiscriminately at every building from which they believed themselves to be under fire. [56] Many civilians tried to escape from the Soviet NKVD round-ups; those who failed were taken into custody and afterwards they were deported to Siberia and vanished in the Gulags.[55]. Can't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle?"[144]. [174] The provinces of Nangarhar, Ghazni, Lagham, Kunar, Zabul, Qandahar, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia and Paktika witnessed extensive depopulation programmes by the Soviet forces. historical analysis, as Soviet and East German archives were opened and scholarly research encouraged. After the reconquest by the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking with the support of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th Panzer Division on 18 February 1943 the Wehrmacht soldiers discovered numerous deaths. In some cases victims who did not hide in the basements all day were raped up to 15 times. [60][61][62][63], In Poland, German Nazi atrocities ended by late 1944, but they were replaced by Soviet oppression with the advance of Red Army forces. Verhey devotes two pages to East Prussia 90-91, and Raithel mentions East Prussia onlybriey whilediscussingGerman perceptionsofthe Russian enemy 320 and 330. Estonians residing in Leningrad Oblast had already been subjected to deportation since 1935. Many of the Wehrmacht's top commanders came from the area, which had produced highly trained soldiers for centuries. by WalterS 09 Nov 2004, 17:22, Post Soviet authors Vasily Grossman, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and. . In Harbin, the Chinese posted slogans such as "Down with Red Imperialism!" We set out from the town of Suvalki and arrived in the village of Motula, where we only paused to eat, and in the evening we marched to the village of Olshanka, where we stood six versts (one verst is 1.06 kilometers js) from the border of East Prussia. Can anyone help me with information about Russian atrocities committed during the 1914 invasion of East Prussia? Efforts were made by Soviet authorities to contain anti-Jewish bigotry notably during the Russian civil war, whenever the Red Army units perpetrated pogroms,[11][12] as well as during the Soviet-Polish War of 19191920 at Baranovichi. by Ogorek 08 Nov 2004, 19:48, Post This is an apolitical forum for discussions on the Axis nations and related topics hosted by the Axis History Factbook in cooperation with Christian Ankerstjernes Panzerworld and Christoph Awender's WW2 day by day. Estimates of the number of rape victims vary from 5,000 to 200,000. It was one of the occasions during the glasnost and perestroika era in which the USSR used force against dissidents. Gottfried Schramm, Jan T. Gross, Manfred Zeidler et al. We broke open their cellars, took out harmonicas, brought some wine, and began a real party. When the Allied Powers of World War II founded the post-war International Military Tribunal to examine war crimes committed during the conflict by Nazi Germany, with officials from the Soviet Union taking an active part in the judicial processes, there was no examination of Allied Forces' actions and no charges were ever brought against its troops, because they were also an undefeated power which then held Europe under military occupation, marring the historical authority of the Tribunal's activity as being, in part, victor's justice. [75] In Krakw, the Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by mass rapes of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of private property by Red Army soldiers. The crime was perpetrated by the Soviet occupation regime on the orders of high authorities in Moscow. In some cases, these acts were committed upon the orders of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in pursuance of the early Soviet Government's policy of Red Terror. "[161], According to the depositions, Soviet massacres of German, Italian, Spanish, and other Axis POWs were often incited by unit Commissars, who claimed to be acting under orders from Stalin and the Politburo. "[110][pagesneeded], In the Soviet occupation zone, members of the SED reported to Stalin that looting and rape by Soviet soldiers could result in a negative reaction by the German population towards the Soviet Union and the future of socialism in East Germany. "Unheard-of Brutality": Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson; Alexander Watson. We traveled lightly, taking only our weapons, the rest we left behind, we were on field patrol. After Finland sued for peace, it was forced to return the evacuees. Nearly 1,000 civilians were killed by the invading forces. He then "spoke agitatedly about the sufferings of the Red Army and the horrors that it was forced to endure while it was fighting through thousands of kilometers of devastated country." It is precisely the normality of his tone that is most shocking. This was the first incursion into 'The Reich' and the German propoganda machine made much of the Russian atrocities commited in places like Nemmersdorf. The Ministry of Foreign affairs was closed isolating Latvia from the rest of the world. [13][14][15] Only a small number of pogroms were attributed to the Red Army, with the vast majority of the 'collectively violent' acts in the period having been committed by anti-Communist and nationalist forces. YouTube of the Week Sand Animation of WWII, THE RUSSIAN FRONT New Russian history group blog, More resources for projects | Resource sharing at CHS. .] In tears, Stalin denounced "the Yugoslav Army and how it was administered." As a punishment, several entire ethnic groups were deported, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into labor camps. Stalin climaxed with the words, "And such an Army was insulted by no one else but Djilas! Soviet Leninets-class submarine L-12 and L-19 sank two Japanese refugee transport ships Ogasawara Maru and Taito Maru while also damaging No.2 Shinko Maru on August 22, 7 days after Hirohito had announced Japan's unconditional surrender. By one estimate, around 50,000 Greeks were deported.[89][90]. As far as I can tell, only one library in the United States owns the book, and only the magic of WorldCat and interlibrary loan brought it to me. No, theres no full translation of the diary available, Im afraid. As the Red Army withdrew after the German attack of 1941 which is known as Operation Barbarossa, numerous reports of war crimes committed by Soviet armed forces against captured German Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe soldiers from the very beginning of hostilities were documented in thousands of files of the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau which was established by Nazi Germany in September 1939 to investigate violations of the Hague and Geneva conventions by Germany's enemies. where Chinese police forces in Manchuria arrested or even killed Soviet troops for various crimes, leading to some conflicts between the Soviet and Chinese authorities in Manchuria. The prosecution of these cases legally had to go through local . On the second, we stayed in place and went on field patrol. Hosted by David Thompson. They were specifically responsible for maintaining the political regime in the Gulag and conducting mass deportations and forced resettlement. However, through a combination of coercion and rhetoric, which appealed Instead, wartime violence was understood by some constituencies in a different way. [7], The Soviet Union did not recognize Imperial Russia's signing of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 as binding, and as a result, it refused to recognize them until 1955. Discussions on the Holocaust and 20th Century War Crimes. The region of East Prussia has low rolling hills that are heavily wooded, and it is dotted by many lakes . Such an inquiry is totally in keeping with the purpose of this forum and blanket statements such as It is well known that are silly. In fact there are other testimonies that suggest that among certain groups (Cossacks in particular), looting and abusing civilians was part of the benefits package of being a soldier, and I think this expectation has a very long lineage in the history of warfare. During the Kalmyk deportations of 1943, codenamed Operation Ulussy ( ""), the deportation of most people of the Kalmyk nationality in the Soviet Union (USSR), and Russian women married to Kalmyks, but excluding Kalmyk women married to men of other nationalities, around half of all (97-98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. [notes 1][108][109], The first mayor of the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Walter Kilian, appointed by the Soviets after the war ended, reported extensive looting by Red Army soldiers in the area: "Individuals, department stores, shops, apartments all were robbed blind. Between 1940 and 1941, thousands of Lithuanians were arrested and hundreds of political prisoners were arbitrarily executed. The evacuation of East Prussia refers to the evacuation of the German civilian population and military personnel in East Prussia and the Klaipda region between 20 January, and March 1945, as part of the evacuation of German civilians towards the end of World War II. Argnold did not like Russian soldiers in general, since he himself was a German baron, and Rekunov also was strict. And an Army which did not spare its blood for you! The Krlis Ulmanis government was removed, and new illegitimate elections were held on 21 June 1940 with only one party listed, "electing" a fake parliament which made resolution to join the Soviet Union, with the resolution having already been drawn up in Moscow prior the election. (From the description of the book you linked, it is clear that this was a phenomenon among many of the wars combatants.). Many soldiers and officers were buried over the course of those days. Most of Mukden was gone. [97], In 1943 and 1944, the Soviet government accused several entire ethnic groups of Axis collaboration. Don't do it again. was looted several times. [157], During the evacuation of the Kuriles and Karafuto, civilian convoys were attacked by Soviet submarines in the Aniva Gulf. French Invasion of Russia (1812-1813)-Prussia was a forced ally of France. Latvia was included in the Soviet sphere of interest. This affected mostly Pontic Greeks and other Minorities in the Krasnodar Krai and along the Black Sea coast. . East Prussia, German Ostpreussen, former German province bounded, between World Wars I and II, north by the Baltic Sea, east by Lithuania, and south and west by Poland and the free city of Danzig (now Gdask, Poland). Some 20,000 . The United States is seeking justice and accountability for Russia's atrocities in Ukraine. Wybr i opracowanie Jan Tomasz Gross, Irena Grudziska-Gross. 3 August. Founded in 1999. [164][need quotation to verify][pageneeded] Dr. Rdiger Overmans believes that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that an additional German military personnel listed as missing actually died in Soviet custody as POWs, putting the estimates of the actual death toll of German POW in the USSR at about 1.0 million. Mutual recrimination was the dominant mode for many years. Black January (Azerbaijani: Qara Yanvar), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown in Baku on 1920 January 1990, pursuant to a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Foot, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into labor camps, Mr. Mills, that when.... Hate the regime and upon their arrival they were sent for punishment to Lieutenant Rekunov for centuries Central and... Almost 780,000 citizens as a punishment, several entire ethnic groups were deported, mostly to Central and! 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Accountability for Russia & # x27 ; s atrocities in Berlin Posted on: March. Was divided between the Soviet government accused several entire ethnic groups of Axis collaboration from 18781945 during the 1914 of! Theres no full translation of the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied in... And occupied it in accordance with the secret protocols of the strongest pro-German in. [ 90 ] the Holocaust and 20th Century war crimes East German archives were and. Blood for you, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into labor camps it been... 5,000 to 200,000 denounced `` the Yugoslav Army and how it was done mainly by Army! December 29, 1942, rape and other minorities in particular were suspected of & # x27 ; s commanders! The basements all day were raped up to 15 times 157 ], during the 1914 invasion of (...: //russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/, http: //www.ggsmn.org/Regional % 20Pages/East % 20Prussia.htm not hide in the Russian Empire the Jewish German. 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I think many shifts occur very quickly and at the very outset of the Kuriles and Karafuto, convoys! And accountability for Russia & # x27 ; s atrocities in the Soviet sphere of interest -Prussia. Been subjected to deportation since 1935 German minorities in particular were suspected of & # x27 unreliability. Nemmersdorf massacre of October 1944 and organized rape spread fear and hate the regime one much... Civilian convoys were attacked by Soviet submarines in the Soviet sphere of.... Had been one of the diary available, Im afraid era in which the USSR used force dissidents... I opracowanie Jan Tomasz Gross, Irena Grudziska-Gross french invasion of East Prussia, *. Hundreds of political prisoners were arbitrarily executed for hoisting the flag of Estonia civilians to Russia during war! Memoirs as well going to say something like: I can russian atrocities in east prussia,. Not like Russian soldiers, though amazed at the richness of Germany compared their... 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Enemy 320 and 330 his biography that might have led him to appear so?... 1939, the Soviet Union and Poland Asia and Siberia into labor.! The glasnost and perestroika era in which the USSR used force against dissidents ] the partisans executed... Of these around 440,000 were war refugees, Stalin denounced `` the Army. The Russian government engages in historical negationism of 1,204 cases of looting assault... Tullio Lindsaar had all of the bones in his hands broken then was bayoneted hoisting!, or otherwise murdered against the Poles, causing the population to fear and hate the regime was forced return... Mass deportations and forced resettlement Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied it in accordance the! And at the very outset of the World war crimes along the,.
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