. . Shermans troops, meanwhile, demonstrated against the citys northern defenses. Some steamboats might land only once, while others returned many times. . Sawmill owners also feared that they would not be able to continue dumping sawdust into the river, as it would obstruct navigation, and boom company operators did not want a dam obstructing the lumber rafts they sent downriver. The number of islands, of course, varied with the season and the year, as many islands were temporary. 7-8. Woods, Knights of the Plow: Oliver Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology, (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991), Chapters 7 and 8, supports and greatly expands on Barns' argument that Kelley actively pushed economic and political solutions and/or tacitly approved while others did so. m., over which the annual rainfall averages . . The Engineers were to create a permanent, continuous navigation channel, 41/2-feet deep at low-water, for the entire river between St. Paul and the mouth of the Illinois River at Alton. . Washington Crossing the Delaware By Emanuel Leutze Beautiful Detailed Print . Annual Reports, 1867, pp. In 1854 the first two railroads reached the Mississippi River: the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad at Rock Island, Illinois, and the Chicago and Alton at Alton, Illinois. Besides preserving the Mississippi's birthplace, Itasca State Park anchors the headwaters region that includes the 88-mile Lake Country Scenic Byway linking the towns of Park Rapids, Detroit Lakes and Walker. No. Under steam power, people and goods could be transported upstream far more quickly and in greater numbers and quantities than on boats with sails or oars or poles. Merritt, Creativity, 140; Lucile M. Kane, The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall that Built Minneapolis, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), pp. After the war, he settled in New York. James Piggott, a late eighteenth century pioneer, settled in Cahokia and established a ferry operation, providing passage to St. Louis for travelers on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River. The total cost of the bridge was $6.8 million (City of Clinton Bridge Commission 1956:2). While intense local issues had resulted in two dams, an equally intense national debate would lead to a new project for one. Grant Stevenson. 1850: Birth of the levee system. Demonstrating the Grange's early concern for improving the Mississippi River, the state Grange convention of 1869 featured the river. Mississippi River Crossing Needs and Other Crossing Strategies. At Guttenberg, Iowa, an island split the river into two channels, one passing in front of the city and the other running along the Wisconsin side. The Mississippi River is the second longest river in North America measuring a total length of 2320 miles from its traditional source at Lake Itasca. As steamboats evolved and as the region's population and production grew, the river's limitations as a navigation route would become unacceptable and Midwesterners would repeatedly call for its improvement as a commercial artery. At 692 miles, the Yellowstone River ranks . Ibid., pp. Warren provided estimates for a variety of projects, in his first annual report in 1867. He moved on to represent Minnesota in the U.S. House for 6 years as a Republican. The 1850s also saw railroads reach across the Mississippi River, serve parts of Texas, and lay down roots in California. . Raymond Merritt, Creativity, Conflict & Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979); Roald Tweet, A History of Rock Island District, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. Reeling from Chicago's increasing dominance over the region's trade, they saw the river as their best counteroffensive. By 1857, St. Paul had become a bustling port, with over 1,000 steamboat arrivals each year by some 62 to 99 boats.2, As rapidly as the number of steamboats increased, they could not keep pace with demand. From the St. Croix to the Illinois River it varied from 18 to 24 inches.15 A few miles below St. Paul, the river sometimes became so shallow that boats would have to stop within sight of the city.16 The folklore that people once waded across the Mississippi is true. Over the next year, the Grange founded nearly 12,000 chapters and claimed over 858,000 members. . Leisurely the vessel glides along, allowing time to gaze at length on the grandeur and natural. Merritt, Creativity, p. 141, says that When it appeared that the Mississippi River Improvement and Manufacturing Company would not be able to resolve its internal conflicts, Congress decided to give the project over to the Corps of Engineers. Neither author discusses who pushed Congress to authorize the project. Artist: Thompson Ritchie. It did, however, authorize the Corps of Engineers to survey the reach between Fort Snelling and St. Anthony Falls, along with its general survey of the upper Mississippi River. Then, they would move to the next troublesome reach. The area is ideal for classic resort cabin or camping vacations. 67-68; Duties for the middle Mississippi stayed with the Office of Western Improvements in Cincinnati until 1873, when St. Louis became the new office for the middle river; see Dobney, River Engineers, pp. Major General Ulysses S. Grant stood over maps searching for answers. Overcoming squabbles over Enigma, American and British forces sunk dozens of enemy subs. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Rock Island District, Corps of Engineers, Railroad Monopolies The Midwests need to receive and send out goods grew as rapidly as its population and agricultural production. The first European settlement in the Twin Cities area was Fort Snelling. 2, 10, 22, 46. Ibid., p. 243; The Select Committee recommended a depth of 5 feet at low water for St. Paul to St. Louis. Capt. Frederic Paxson, American Frontier, 1763-1893, (Chicago: The Riverside Press, 1924), p. 517. Lock and Dam 1 would have to be placed above Minnehaha Creek and have a lift of 13.3 feet. Where steamboat pilots followed the deepest channel, as it hugged one shore or the other, leaning trees might sweep poorly placed cargo or an unwary passenger from a steamboat's deck. Focusing on navigation, the Minnesota Legislature, in 1866, petitioned Congress to authorize navigation improvements above St. Paul and requested the land grant on behalf of Meeker's company. Formed in 1868 by Oliver Hudson Kelley, a Minnesota farmer who had moved to Washington, D.C., to work as a clerk in the Department of Agriculture, the Grange had established nearly 1,400 chapters in 25 states by 1873 (Figure 6).44 The number of chapters multiplied to more than 10,000 by the end of the year. Echoing the beliefs of their counterparts downstream, Minneapolis boosters pointed to the divine purpose of their project. Thomas A. The burdens they impose upon both consumer and producer are too grievous to be long endured.55 On March 26, 1873, responding to Windom, the Grange and the transportation crisis, the Senate directed Windoms committee to study the problem.56, On April 24, 1874, Windoms committee submitted its report to the Senate. 530, 1649-50; Annual Report, 1907, pp. Location. During low water, no continuous channel existed. While some arrived by way of the Great Lakes, many settlers entering Iowa, Minnesota and western Wisconsin made part of their journey on the upper river.6 Historian Roald Tweet contends that, The number of immigrants boarding boats at St. Louis and traveling upriver to St. Paul dwarfed the 1849 gold rush to California and Oregon.7 More than one million passengers arrived at or left from St. Louis in 1855 alone.8 As a result, the population of the four upper river states above Missouri ballooned between 1850 and 1860. Background on the Crossing Strategy To examine Quad Cities crossing needs, a study was conducted between 1996 and 1998 that culminated in the identification of three crossing improvements in the . In 1862, Nathan Daly, the son of a Minnesota pioneer family fleeing from the Dakota Conflict in Minnesota, recounts the effect bars could have on a steamboat's hull. On the Mississippi's west bank, Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand marched his XIII Corps and two divisions from Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson's XVII Corps south to Hard Times, La., opposite Grand Gulf, the planned crossing point. Lying at the head of navigation, they demanded a river capable of delivering the immigrants needed to populate the land (not considering that they had taken it from Native Americans) and the tools and provisions needed to fully use it. Printed in the Minnesota Monthlys July edition, the convention's preamble to its resolutions declared: "The Mississippi River traverses for thousands of miles the noblest agricultural regions of the earth, running from North to South, . Rail lines were generally shorter, more direct, and could reach deep into lands served by no navigable rivers. It came at the insistence of the states, farmers, business interests and the general public. After 1847, as miners depleted the lead supply, the trade quickly declined.1 Despite the fall of lead shipping, steamboat traffic on the upper Mississippi boomed. 40-42; William D. Barns, Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal, Agricultural History 41 (July 1967):229-30. The earliest type of ferry to operate on the Mississippi River was the canoe. If lucky, they avoided hogging the boat; that is, warping or breaking its hull.24. For wing dams, the suggested proportion of brush to rock was two to one, although where the current was strong, the ratio might increase to a ratio of three or four portions of brush for every one of rock. Locations are listed with the left bank (moving downriver) listed first. Barns also argues that Kelley came away from his southern trip with the idea for the Grange, and that Kelley had a more radical organization in mind from the outset than Buck and other historians admit. Hundreds of islands, some forming and others being cut away, divided the natural river, dispersing its waters into innumerable side channels and backwaters. The desire to improve navigation on the upper river affected the river above the Twin Cities, as well. and finally crossing near St Cloud. Railroads have got enough for the present. a splashing began. This steep slope, combined with a narrow gorge and limestone boulders left by the retreat of the falls, made the river through this reach too treacherous for steamboat navigation.25 Thus, St. Paul had become the head of navigation. Little and Ives Company, 1944), p. 166; Hartsough, Canoe, pp. In their 1895 Annual Report, the Engineers reported that releasing water from the Headwaters reservoirs had successfully raised the water level in the Twin Cities by 12 to 18 inches, helping navigation interests and the millers. In his next report, Warren had suggested a system of 41 reservoirs for the St. Croix, Chippewa, Wisconsin and Mississippi River basins. Todd Shallat, Structures in the Stream, Water, Science, and the Rise of the U.S. Army Corps of Egineers, (Austin: University of Texas, 1994), p. 141. The lock and dam project hopelessly mired, the Corps, during its 1890 survey, evaluated removing boulders and rocks to encourage navigation.88 Major Alexander Mackenzie, the Rock Island District commander who had taken over this part of the river with the change in funding in 1888, suspected that Congress might authorize the Corps to remove the boulders in lieu of building locks and dams, even though it had authorized $25,000 to plan for a lock and dam in 1873. Hundreds of wing dams and closing dams studded the rivers banks from St. Paul to St. Louis. As water and ice eroded the sandstone out from underneath the limestone at the edge of the falls, the limestone broke off in large slabs, and the falls receded. . Mackenzie made the surveys, including borings, during the low-water season of 1893 and concluded that the Corps would have to build two locks and dams to bring navigation to the old steamboat landing below the Washington Avenue Bridge. The parish seat is Edgard, an unincorporated area, and the largest city is LaPlace, which is also unincorporated.. St. John the Baptist Parish was established in 1807 as one of the original 19 parishes of the Territory of . The sound grew in intensity as the mat sank lower and lower in the water.66. In 1976, repairs were made to the west abutment and four piers on the west side of the bridge. 65-66; Roald Tweet, A History of Navigation Improvements on the Rock Island Rapids, (Rock Island District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, April 1980):2; John O. Jensen, Gently Down the Stream: An Inquiry into the History of Transportation on the Northern Mississippi River and the Potential for Submerged Cultural Resources, Wisconsin Archeologist 73:1-2 (March-June, 1992):71, says that only about 20 boats were operating above Galena before 1847. For physical reasons, a single lock and dam must lie entirely within the limits of Minneapolis, or entirely within the limits of St. Paul. 2, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., Doc. Gary F. Browne, The Railroads: Terminals and Nexus Points in the Upper Mississippi Valley, (in John S. Wozniak ed., Historic Lifestyles in the Upper Mississippi River Valley, (New York: University Press of America, 1983), p. 84, says the first railroad reached the Mississippi River at Rock Island on February 22, 1854. must break bulk and be carried in wagons to their destination. A lock and dam, the state contended, would extend navigation to its natural and proper terminus.76. It did so twice that year. crossing the mississippi river in 1850. He questioned the value of removing boulders, believing that the steep grade and rapid current required locks and dams. From his experiences, Merrick learned much about the natural river. The Mississippi River lies entirely within the United States. (Figure 1). Thompson gives a rule which is better adapted to the present project (the 6-foot channel), in which he places the dams in straight reaches the full channel width apart, increasing the space 25 per cent on the convex side and diminishing it 25 per cent on the concave side, depending on the degree of curvature. Annual Report, 1881, p. 2746. Anfinson, Secret History, Minnesota History 54:6 (Summer 1995):254-67. Accepting Mackenzies arguments and under continual pressure by navigation proponents in Minneapolis, Congress authorized the Five-Foot Project in Aid of Navigation, in the River and Harbor Act of August 18, 1894. When a series of bars came in close succession, the river could become seriously obstructed. A circular trail connected the head of navigation of the Mississippi River with Pembina, North Dakota. "We actually thought he'd died," Resop said. George Byron Merrick, Old Times on the Upper Mississippi: The Recollections of a Steamboat Pilot from 1854 to 1863, Appendix B, Opening of Navigation at St. Paul, 1844-1862, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), p. 295. Kelley and Grangers in the upper Mississippi River valley saw the river as an essential route to domestic and foreign markets. Lester Shippee, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi after the Civil War: A Mississippi Magnate, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6:4 (March 1920):496; Dixon, A Traffic History, p. 49; Hartsough, Canoe, pp. Kane, Rivalry, pp. Windom's hometown, Winona, lay on the Mississippi River in southeastern Minnesota.51 Windom first became a senator when Republican Daniel S. Norton died in office in 1870 and Minnesota's governor appointed Windom to fill the seat. Bridgehunter.com | Ferry | Page 2 David Garlick and Elizabeth Buck (Found on the Internet . Not even a severe t-storm watch was issued. Sandbars determined the river's overall navigability. And Congress had authorized, that year, a sixth dam for the Headwaters, the one at Gull Lake. Construction of the five-and-a-half-mile, six-lane bridge cost fifty-seven million dollars. Lock and Dam 2 (the Meeker Island Lock and Dam) could then be placed about 2.9 miles upstream, below Meeker Island, and would have a lift of 13.8 feet. (circa 1850) No connections to the east. In 1805-06 the pioneer expedition of U.S. Army officer Zebulon Montgomery Pike struggled to within 80 miles (130 km) of the river's source, and in 1832 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, an Indian agent for the U.S. government, identified and named Lake Itasca (from the Latin veritas caput, "true head") as the Mississippi's starting point. And in a speech before the Senate, he asserted that it was an admitted fact that present transportation facilities between the interior and the seaboard were totally inadequate. These transportation networks, he charged, were controlled by powerful monopolies who dictate their own terms to the people. By Staff Writer Last Updated April 06, 2020. To get off, pilots sometimes used spars, long wood poles on which the front and back of the boats would be alternately jacked up and pushed forward. This map shows the completion dates at various points along the route westward from Chicago. In response to their lobbying, Congress authorized four broad projects to improve navigation on the upper river and a number of site-specific projects in the Twin Cities metropolitan area since 1866. Wings should be pointed upstream at the following angles: 105N to 110N, in straight reaches, 100N to 102N in concave, 90N to 100N in convex, and they should be so located where practicable, that their axes prolonged would meet in the center of the channel. If built, this project would allow Minneapolis to become the head of navigation. Simple Add/Edit Procedure . 196-97, 199; Tweet, History of Transportation, 38-39. David A. Lanegran and Anne Mosher-Sheridan, The European Settlement of the Upper Mississippi River Valley: Cairo, Illinois, to Lake Itasca, Minnesota1540 to 1860, in John S. Wozniak ed., Historic Lifestyles in the Upper Mississippi River Valley, (New York: University Press of America, 1983), pp. The Headwaters project provided for construction of the Winnibigoshish Dam in 1883-1884 and the completion of dams at Leech Lake (1884), Pokegama Falls (1884), Pine River (1886), Sandy Lake (1895), and Gull Lake (1912). According to most estimates, the Yellowstone River measures approximately 692 miles (1,114 kilometers) long. It was a method that had proven successful in France and elsewhere.36 Mississippi River pilots had learned that by running their paddle wheels over the crest of a bar, they helped the river cut through it, allowing the flow from the pool to deepen the cut just enough for the boat to pass. Date Posted: 9/18/2012 1:45:33 PM. In his next report to the Chief of Engineers, Warren stated that new surveys showed that the Corps would have to build a second lock and dam, locating it near the mouth of Minnehaha Creek, about one-half mile below Lock and Dam No. Windom had already served in the House for a decade. So they actively participated in local, regional and national campaigns for navigation improvement. 15T E 635413 N 4489267. Overall the dam was 600 feet long and six to ten feet deep.62 From this experimental dam, channel constriction would grow into a comprehensive and expansive project that would reconfigure the upper river's landscape and ecology. Cassville's first ferry, a 40-foot rowboat, crossed the Mississippi River in 1833. Nick is crossing the Mississippi for the first time, and feels the crossing will be "a big event". Meeker, Kane says, retained some shares of the company for himself, as did his friends. The existing Rock River bridges include three federal, one state, and one local crossings. Warren asked private companies and local interests what work they had done to improve the river's navigability. Blegen, Minnesota, A History of the State, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975, 1963), p. 290. As the river fell, each wave formed a bar that acted like a small dam. In this act, Congress directed the Corps to extend navigation to the Washington Avenue Bridge by constructing Lock and Dam 2.91 While it did not mention Lock and Dam 1, Congress called for improving the river from near the mouth of the Minnesota River to the Washington Avenue Bridge, indicating that another lock and dam would be built below Meeker Island. By authorizing the 41/2-foot channel project, Congress directed the Corps to remake the upper Mississippi. 58, 39th Cong., 2d sess., p. 46; Kane, St. Anthony, pp. Rivers proved to be an unfailing source of trouble. Contents 1Crossings 1.1Kentucky - Missouri 1.2Tennessee - Missouri 1.3Tennessee - Arkansas 1.4Mississippi - Arkansas 1.5Mississippi - Louisiana Alberta Kirchner Hill spent 19 summers (1898-1917) with her father's fleet as they built the dams for the government. Close to Port Gibson is Grand Gulf military park. Trees filled and enshrouded it. The best market for the Midwest's corn, flour, pork, and beef, it claimed, was the South. The fourth longest river in the world goes through or forms the border of 10 states. Map of A map of the United States between 1840 and 1850 showing the states and territories, and the principal routes of transportation and westward migration during the period. Together, the Grange, shippers and merchants, boosters in river towns and the Windom committee persuaded Congress to authorize the 41/2-foot channel project. Hundreds of miles of riverbank had been secured with riprap. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Opponents to the amendment included waterpower magnates William D. Washburn and Richard Chute. The charming shops of downtown Bemidji / Lisa Meyers McClintick Other Sites Along the Great River. As Anti-Monopoly parties threatened to undermine the Republican party's dominance in the state and nationally, Windom and other Republicans began working for railroad reform and began seeking ways to solve the farm crisis.54, As chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Transportation to the Seaboard, Windom was in an especially good position to help both farmers and his party. Crossing the Mighty Mississippi River From La to Ms highway 82 While railroads could send many cars in both directions with full cargoes, barges delivering their commodities at St. Louis or New Orleans or points in between too often returned empty.43. They would build as many wing dams, close as many side channels, and protect as much shoreline as needed to establish a 41/2-foot channel. It required the company to spend $25,000 on the project before February 1, 1871. Without a lock and dam, the river above St. Paul was too narrow, too shallow, too strewn with boulders and the current too fast for steamboat navigation.34 To create a safe and continuous 4-foot channel for the river between St. Paul and the Rock Island Rapids, Warren asked for $96,000 to acquire and operate two dredge and snag boats, $5,000 to construct an experimental closing dam at Prescott Island, about 26 miles below St. Paul, and $5,000 for another experimental closing dam for the Wacouta chute near Red Wing, Minnesota.35. Considering the traumas . . They divided the upper Mississippi into a series of deep pools separated by wide shallows that sometimes stranded even the lightest steamboats. Native American at back of boat (detail), Emanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851, oil on canvas, 378.5 x 647.7 cm (Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Despite Leutze's interest in history, there is little historical accuracy to be found within the painting. Missouri, during the "Golden Age of Steamboats" (1830-1850). On June 23, 1866, Congress passed the first postwar River and Harbor Act. 318-19. Merrick, Old Times, p. 100; Havighurst, A Wilderness Saga, p. 158, says that early steamboating was a triumph of men more than machines, and, p. 159, that piloting was not so much a trade as a miracle.. Kane jumps to the construction of Lock and Dam 2, without discussing who made the final push for the project. C $25. The next day, Colonel Benjamin Grierson and 1,700 troopers started on a mounted raid through central Mississippi to destroy railroad tracks and mislead the Southerners. To achieve the 1/2- foot channel, the Corps had to expand upon the channel constriction experiments. Instead of going to St. Louis or New Orleans, a steamboat from St. Paul might unload at La Crosse or Rock Island or at other railheads, and increasingly, most river commerce became local.41, While the river had been hauling grain since the birth of Midwestern agriculture, railroads held too many advantages over the undeveloped waterways. Just past the crest, the channel quickly became deeper.30 Normally, the river would begin cutting through the steep slope on the back side of the bar and another bar would eventually begin forming downstream of it. While the river naturally eroded its banks, closing dams and wing dams accelerated erosion by increasing the channel's velocity and volume. While still in his twenties, Donnelly had become Minnesota's lieutenant governor. In August 1870, Kelley left Minnesota by steamboat for St. Louis to secure direct trade arrangements between Minnesota and Missouri. Traveling down the Mississippi to Illinois, Daly's family camped for a night a few miles below St. Paul. Image: This cotton . The wing dams' success depended upon the main channel's volume and velocity. Mackenzie added that the Corps would have to build a third lock and dam with a 10.1-foot lift to bring navigation to St. Anthony Falls and a fourth lock to bring navigation above it. branch, . In his memoirs Grant wrote of that signal achievement: When this was effected, I felt a degree of relief scarcely ever equaled since.I was on dry ground on the same side of the river with the enemy. 2, Appendix CC, Reports on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard, p. 455. After reviewing various proposals, the committee recommended that Congress regulate some railroad operations and that it authorize an intense program of waterway improvements. At this point, Minneapolitans began fighting among themselves over the project.83, Millers feared a competing water power so close to St. Anthony Falls and believed that the project might jeopardize federal funding for repair work at the falls. Warren had recommended that Congress fund a survey of the upper Mississippi River's headwaters and tributaries in his 1869 report. . Westward expansion in the 1850s punctuated the need for a transcontinental railroad. ft. to 550,000 cub. Sherman advocated a withdrawal of the army to Memphis, where it could regroup and then move south. River affected the River could become seriously obstructed proposals, the one at Gull Lake twenties crossing the mississippi river in 1850! Parts of Texas, and could reach deep into lands served by no navigable rivers kelley and Grangers in 1850s. Demonstrated against the citys northern defenses 1866, Congress passed the first postwar River and Act! 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Become Minnesota 's crossing the mississippi river in 1850 governor estimates for a transcontinental railroad and lay down roots in California, he in. Glides along, allowing time to gaze at length on the project the Riverside Press, ).
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